FlavScents AInsights Entry for Dextro-Limonene (CAS: 5989-27-5)

1. Identity & Chemical Information

• Common Name(s): Dextro-limonene, (R)-limonene
• IUPAC Name: (R)-1-methyl-4-(1-methylethenyl)cyclohexene
• CAS Number: 5989-27-5
• FEMA Number: 2633
• Other Identifiers: FL No. 02.015
• Molecular Formula: C10H16
• Molecular Weight: 136.24 g/mol
• Functional Groups and Structure-Odor Relevance: Dextro-limonene is a monoterpene with a characteristic citrus odor. Its structure includes a cyclohexene ring with an isopropenyl group, contributing to its fresh, lemon-like scent.

Citation hooks: FlavScents; PubChem; FEMA

2. Sensory Profile

Dextro-limonene is renowned for its vibrant citrus aroma, often described as fresh, sweet, and lemon-like. It is a high-impact odorant with a strong diffusion and is typically used as an impact note in formulations. The odor threshold is relatively low, making it effective even at minimal concentrations. Its sensory role often includes providing a bright, uplifting top note in both flavor and fragrance compositions.

Citation hooks: FlavScents; peer-reviewed sensory literature

3. Natural Occurrence & Formation

Dextro-limonene is naturally found in the rinds of citrus fruits such as oranges, lemons, and limes. It is primarily obtained through the cold pressing of citrus peels or as a byproduct of citrus juice production. As a naturally occurring compound, it qualifies for "natural flavor" or "natural fragrance" designations under various regulatory frameworks.

Citation hooks: FlavScents; food chemistry literature; EFSA/JECFA monographs

4. Use in Flavors

Dextro-limonene is extensively used in flavor applications, particularly in citrus-flavored products. It serves as a key component in beverages, confectionery, and baked goods. Typical use levels in finished products range from 10 to 100 ppm, with higher concentrations potentially leading to a more pronounced citrus note. It is generally stable under typical food processing conditions but may degrade under prolonged exposure to heat or acidic environments.

Citation hooks: FlavScents; FEMA GRAS documentation; formulation literature

5. Use in Fragrances

In the fragrance industry, dextro-limonene is a versatile ingredient used across various fragrance families, including citrus, floral, and fresh compositions. It acts as a top note, providing initial freshness and brightness. Typical concentrations in fragrance formulations range from 0.1% to 5%, depending on the desired intensity and product type. Its volatility makes it suitable for top note applications, contributing to the initial burst of scent.

Citation hooks: FlavScents; IFRA; fragrance chemistry texts

6. Regulatory Status (Regional Overview)

• United States: Recognized as GRAS by FEMA for flavor use.
• European Union: Approved under Regulation (EC) No 1334/2008 with FL No. 02.015.
• United Kingdom: Aligns with EU regulations post-Brexit.
• Asia: Approved for use in Japan and China, with specific concentration limits.
• Latin America: Generally accepted, with specific regulations in Brazil and MERCOSUR countries.

Explicit approvals and harmonized assumptions are common, though country-specific variations may exist.

Citation hooks: FEMA; EFSA; national authority publications

7. Toxicology, Safety & Exposure Considerations

Dextro-limonene is considered safe for use in both food and fragrance applications. For oral exposure, it has a high margin of safety with an ADI not established due to its low toxicity. Dermal exposure may cause irritation or sensitization in sensitive individuals, and it is subject to IFRA guidelines. Inhalation exposure is generally safe, though occupational settings should ensure adequate ventilation to minimize risks.

Citation hooks: EFSA; FEMA; PubChem; toxicology literature

8. Practical Insights for Formulators

Dextro-limonene is valued for its ability to impart a fresh, citrusy note, enhancing the overall brightness of formulations. It synergizes well with other citrus and floral notes but can be overpowering if overused. Formulators should be cautious of its volatility and potential for oxidation, which can lead to off-notes if not properly stabilized.

Citation hooks: FlavScents; industry practice

9. Confidence & Data Quality Notes

The data on dextro-limonene is well-established, with comprehensive documentation available from authoritative sources. Industry practices are well-documented, though some regional regulatory nuances may require further clarification.

Citation hooks: FlavScents

QA Check

• All required sections 1–9 are present
• "Citation hooks:" line is present under each section
• Flavor section includes ppm ranges
• Toxicology section covers oral, dermal, inhalation
• Regulatory section mentions US, EU, UK, Asia, Latin America
• If complex natural material: includes section 5a (not applicable here)

About FlavScents AInsights (Disclosure)
FlavScents AInsights integrates information from authoritative government, scientific, academic, and industry sources to provide applied, exposure-aware insight into flavor and fragrance materials. Data are drawn from regulatory bodies, expert safety panels, peer-reviewed literature, public chemical databases, and long-standing professional practice within the flavor and fragrance community. Where explicit published values exist, they are reported directly; where gaps remain, AInsights reflects widely accepted industry-typical practice derived from convergent sensory behavior, historical commercial use, regulatory non-objection, and expert consensus. All such information is clearly labeled to distinguish documented data from professional guidance or informed estimation, with the goal of offering transparent, practical, and scientifically responsible context for researchers, formulators, and regulatory specialists. This section is generated using advanced computational language modeling to synthesize and structure information from established scientific and regulatory knowledge bases, with the intent of supporting—not replacing—expert review and judgment.

Generated 2026-09-15 20:55:25 GMT (p2)